A+ Fundamental concepts of computer networks

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In this session, you will learn to:
Objectives
Identify fundamental concepts of computer networks.
Identify network communications technologies.
Identify network connectivity technologies.
Identify Internet technologies.
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concepts
For learning networking concepts, you need to understand
Network the following:
Networks
Network models
Network interface card characteristics
Twisted pair cables
RJ-45 twisted pair connectors
Coaxial cables
Coaxial cable and connector types
Fiber optic cables
Fiber optic connectors
Other network connection types
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A network:
Networks
Group of computers
Share resources
A network includes:
Network media
Network adapter
Network operating system
Network protocol
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Models
Network models:
Network Centralized
Client-server
Peer-to-peer
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Centralized Client-server Peer-to-peer
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Network interface card characteristics:
Network Interface Card Characteristics
Network connection port
Physical network address
Status indicator lights
Physical Address
Port
Status Lights
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The twisted pair is a type of cable in which multiple
Twisted Pair Cables
insulated conductors are twisted around each other in pairs
and clad in a protective and insulating outer jacket.
Types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Insulated jacket
Multiple pairs of
conductors
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Wires twisted together
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RJ-Pair The RJ-45 connector is used on twisted pair cable.
RJ 45 Twisted Connectors
Eight pins
1 W/Green
2 Green
3 W/Orange
4 Blue
5 W/Blue
P3
P1 P2
6 Orange
7 W/Brown
8 Brown P4
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Four pairs of wires
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Coaxial Cables
The coaxial cables, or coax, is a type of copper cable that
features a central conductor surrounded by braided or foil
shielding.
Braided shielding
Non-conductive
insulated coating
Single copper
conductor
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Cable and Connector Coaxial cable type:
Coaxial Types
5 mm/0.25 inch (“Thinnnet”)
10 mm/0.5 inch (“Thicknet”)
Connector types:
BNC connector
T-connector
BNC connector on thin
net cable
50-ohm resistor on Tconnector
T-connector
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The fiber optic cable is a type of network cable in which
Fiber Optic Cables
the core is one or more glass or plastic strands.
Fiber optic cable mode types:
Single-mode fiber
Step index multimode fiber
Graded index multimode fiber
Outer jacket Silica cladding
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Inner jacket Glass or plastic core
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Optic Fiber Optic Connectors are:
Fiber Connectors
ST SC FC
FDDI Mini-BNC Biconic
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LC SMA MT-RJ
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Network Connection Other network connection types:
Other Types
USB
Firewire
RS-232
Wireless
Firewire
USB
e e
RS-232 Wireless
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Activity 10-2
Activity on Identifying the
Local MAC Address
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For learning network communication, you need to
Network Communications
understand following:
Network protocols
Network addresses
The TCP/IP protocol
IP addresses
Subnet masks
IP address classes
The IPX/SPX and NWLink protocols
NetBIOS
NetBEUI
Network bandwidth
Full and half duplex communications
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A network protocol is software that provides the rules to
d t t k ti
Network Protocols
conduct network operations.
Common network protocol
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Formats packet data
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A network address is an numeric identification code
i dt t k t di t k t l
Network Addresses
assigned to a network computer according network protocol.
Network address consist:
Network portion
Node portion
X.X.150.2
X.X.150.3
192 168 X Network portion of address = Street name
192.168.X.X
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Node portion of address = House number
Complete address = Street name and house number
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP):
The TCP/IP Protocol
A nonproprietary, routable network protocol
Helps computers to communicate over all types of networks
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TCP/IP
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An IP address is a 32-bit binary number assigned to a
t t k
IP Addresses
computer on a TCP/IP network.
An IP address consists:
Network segment
Node segment
Binary 11010000.01111011.00101101.00010010
Network Segment Node Segment
Decimal 208.123.45.18
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A subnet mask is a 32-bit number assigned to each
t
Subnet Masks
system.
Subnet mask divide the 32-bit binary IP address into: and
node portions.
Network portion
Node portion
139.87.140.76
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
IP address
Removes the node portion of the IP
address
Network ID 139.87.140.0
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The IP address classes:
IP Address Classes
Address Class Range Default Subnet Mask Networks/Nodes
Class A 112.07..02.505 to.2 55.255 255.0.0.0 n1o2d6e nse etwaocrhks of up to 16,777,214
Class B 128.0.0.0 to
191.255. 255.255 255.255.0.0 16,382 networks of up to 65,534
nodes each
Class C 192.0.0.0 to 255 255 255 0 2,097,150 223.255.255 .255 255.255.255.0 networks of up to 254
nodes each
Class D 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255 None All members of the multicast
session share the same IP address
Class E 240.0.0.0 to Strictly for research and
255.255.255.255 None experimentation purposes
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The IPX/SPX and NWLink Protocols
Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a proprietary, routable network
protocol suite. NWLink
Windows
client
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IPX/SPX
Legacy Novell
NetWare server
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Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) a
ifi ti bl li ti d i t
NetBIOS
specification enables applications and services to use
different network protocols for network communicate.
NetBIOS
Enables network applications and services to TCP/IP
communicate
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Network protocol transmits data
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NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is a legacy
t lf d l i Wi d Nt k
NetBEUI
protocol found only in Windows Networks.
Client1
00-60-08-cd-34-64
Client2
00-60-08-cd-34-52
NetBEUI
Client3
00-80-5b-a3-8d-a8
Server1
00-aa-00-62-c6-09
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The bandwidth helps measure how much data a network
Network Bandwidth
can carry.
High Bandwidth
100 mbps
10 mbps
Low Bandwidth
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and Half The full duplex mode communications permit simultaneous
t i ti
Full Duplex Communications
two-way communications.
The half duplex mode communications permit two-way
communications, but in only one direction at a time.
Half duplex
One direction at a time
Full duplex
Both directions simultaneously
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Activity 10-4
Activity on Identifying
Local Network
Characteristics
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For learning networking connectivity, you need to
d t dth f ll i
Network Connectivity
understand the following:
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Ethernet
Dial-up Connections
Wireless Connections
802.11 Wireless Standards
Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
Bluetooth Communications
Infrared Connections
Cellular WAN Communications
Broadband Communications
Ver. 1.0 Session 10 Slide 27 of 52
Types of Broadband Communications
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
A LAN is a network that spans a small area, such as a
single building, floor, or room.
LAN 1 floor LAN 2 floor
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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
A WAN is a network that spans multiple geographic
locations.
Long-range transmissions
LAN 1 LAN 3
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LAN 2
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Ethernet
An Ethernet network is a popular LAN implementation.
Ethernet network consists of:
Adapters
Contention-based media access
Twisted pair, coax, or fiber media
Ethernet
adapter
Media
types
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Ethernet
Contention-based media adapter
access
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Dial-up Connections
The dial-up connections are network connections that use
telecommunications media.
Telecommunications media
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Wireless Connections
The wireless connections transmit signals without using
physical network media.
Infrared Satellite Radio
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802.11 Wireless Standards
The 802.11 standard is a family of specifications for wireless
LAN technology.
802.11 – IEEE working group
Important standards within the group:
802.11
802.11a
802.11b (“Wi-Fi”)
802.11e
802.11g
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Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
A Wireless Access Point (WAP) a device:
Provides connection between wireless devices
Enables wireless networks to connect to wired networks
WAP
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Bluetooth Communications
Bluetooth is a wireless radio protocol.
30 feet
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Infrared is a form of wireless connection in which signals are
Infrared Connections
sent via pulses of infrared light.
Infrared receiver Infrared mouse
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Cellular WAN Communications
A cellular WAN technology uses cellular radio signals to
transmit data over the cellular telephone system.
Cell Cell
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Cell
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Broadband is a category of network transmission
Broadband Communications
technologies.
Multiple channels
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Types of Broadband Communications
Types of broadband communications are: DSL
DSL modem Phone company
Cable
Cable modem Cable TV provider
Satellite
ISDN – Legacy
ISDN
ISDN it h
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adapter switch
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For learning internet technologies, you need to understand
Internet Technologies
the following:
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
SMTP
POP3
IMAP4
HTML
HTTP
SSL
HTTPS
Telnet
FTP
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
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An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
provides Internet access.
Broadband or dial-up
connection
ISP
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) sends email
SMTP
Client to server
Between server
Mail forwarded between servers Mail from client to server
Email server Email server Email client
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POP3
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3):
Helps email client to retrieve email from mail server
Stored in mailbox
Transferred to client when requested
POP3
Email server Email client
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IMAP4
Internet Mail Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4):
Helps web browser to retrieve messages from a mail server
Client works with mail as
IMAP4 server Email client
Mail managed on
server
if local
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Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the language to
HTML
create web based documents.





Page
structure

This is the text of the web page.

Page content
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HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
TCP/IP service
Helps clients to connect and interact with websites
Web client Web server
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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL):
SSL
A security protocol
Combines digital certificates with public-key data encryption
for authentication
Send certificate and public key
Request secure connection
Negotiate encryption
Web client SSL-enabled web server
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a secure
HTTPS
version of HTTP
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SSL
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Telnet:
Telnet
A terminal emulation protocol
Helps user to simulate a session on a remote host
Telnet daemon
C:\> telnet 10.1.1.3
Password:
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
FTP
Helps upload or download files from an FTP file server
FTP daemon FTP utility
Transfer files
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Voice over IP (VoIP) is a transmission medium in which
i i l t ittd IPdt t k
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
voice signals are transmitted over IP data networks.
Voice signals
IP network
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Data signals
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Summary
In this session, you learned that:
There are various network related concepts, such as network
models and network connection types.
Network connections uses different kind of cables and
connectors.
Network uses network protocols and address for setting up
communication between computers.
Network connectivity processes uses LAN and WAN concepts.
ISPs provides internet technology related supports.
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